Revista de Cuidados Farmacêuticos e Sistemas de Saúde
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Lead-Induced Hepatorenal Injury: Ameliorative and Protective Antidotes

Omotayo A Eluwole*

Lead is a multi-organ toxicant implicated in various cancers, diseases of the hepatic, renal, and reproductive systems etc. Lead constitutes an integral source of poisoning to the ecosystem. It primarily affects the central nervous system, hematopoietic, hepatic and renal system, producing serious disorders. Lead exposure also causes anemia, immunotoxicity and toxicity to the reproductive organs. Excessive dietary intake of lead has been linked with cancers of stomach, small intestine, large intestine, ovary, kidney, lungs, myeloma, all lymphomas, and all leukemia. Developing nations are particularly of high risk to lead poisoning and carry the highest burden of this hazard. Many antidotes are biological products and their cost, methods of production, potential for eliciting immunogenic responses, the time needed to generate them, and stability issues contribute to their limited availability and effectiveness. These factors exacerbate a world-wide challenge for providing treatment. The present study seeks to add to the fund of knowledge for the clarification of the usefulness in the management of the hepato-renal complications of chronic lead exposure since available data so far have focused on acute lead exposure.