Journal of Food: Microbiologia, Segurança e Higiene
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Roles of Flies in Bacterial Transmission, Maintenance, and Contamination as Vectors and Reservoirs

Akira Fukuda , Masaru Usui*, Yutaka Tamura

Flies, especially non-biting flies, are recognized as vectors of various clinically relevant pathogens, including antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in human and veterinary medicine, and can lead to colonization and infection. Studies have attempted to clarify the role of flies for the dissemination and transmission of bacteria from various perspectives. However, most studies have only detected pathogens and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from flies, and many studies have not shown concrete proof for the bacterial transmission, contamination, and infection in humans and animals. To clarify the bacterial transmission routes to humans and animals via flies, from various sources, the control measure must be considered. Additionally, quantitative analysis of the flies carrying bacteria and their bacterial transmission allows the assessment of the risk factors of fly-mediated infectious disease. In this mini-review, we introduce research about the origin, maintenance, and contamination of bacteria harbored by flies, and the trial strategy to prevent transmission of the bacteria. Furthermore, we suggest an effective way to prevent the bacterial transmission via flies, to better understand the important role of flies as vectors and reservoirs of microorganisms. This mini-review will be applicable to flies and other insects and animals, to improve the sanitary environments.